00453nas a2200133   4500008004100000245007900041210006900120300001200189490000700201653001900208100002200227700001600249856005400265       1994                        eng d00aWeighting, partitioning, and combining characters in phylogenetic analysis0 aWeighting partitioning and combining characters in phylogenetic   a278-2870 v4310aCombining Data1 aChippindale, P.T.1 aWiens, J.T.  uhttps://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/node/51002414nas a2200169   4500008004100000245015600041210006900197300001200266490000700278520178800285100002002073700002002093700002202113700002602135700002902161856005402190       2006                        eng d00aPhylogeny and biogeography of a cosmopolitan frog radiation: Late cretaceous diversification resulted in continent-scale endemism in the family ranidae0 aPhylogeny and biogeography of a cosmopolitan frog radiation Late  a579-5940 v553 aRanidae is a large anuran group with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships and early biogeographic history of ranid frogs, using 104 representatives of all subfamilies and families, sampled from throughout their distribution. Analyses of similar to 1570 bp of nuclear gene fragments (Rag-1, rhod, Tyr) and similar to 2100 bp of the mitochondrial genome (12S rRNA, tRNA(VAL), 16S rRNA) indicate that the monophyly of several taxa can be rejected with high confidence. Our tree is characterized by a clear historical association of each major clade with one Gondwanan plate. This prevalence of continent-scale endemism suggests that plate tectonics has played a major role in the distribution of ranid frogs. We performed dispersal-vicariance analyses, as well as analyses constrained by paleogeographic data, to estimate ancestral distributions during early ranid diversification. Additionally, we used molecular clock analyses to evaluate whether these scenarios fit the temporal framework of continental breakup. Our analyses suggest that a scenario in which the ancestors of several clades (Rhacophorinae, Dicroglossinae, Raninae) reached Eurasia via the Indian subcontinent, and the ancestor of Ceratobatrachinae entered via the Australia-New Guinea plate, best fits the paleogeographic models and requires the fewest number of dispersal/vicariance events. However, several alternatives, in which part of the ranid fauna colonized Laurasia from Africa, are not significantly worse. Most importantly, all hypotheses make clear predictions as to where to expect key fossils and where to sample other living ranids, and thus constitute a strong basis for further research. [Anura; biogeography; convergence; radiation; Ranidae; Ranoidea.]1 aBossuyt, Franky1 aBrown, Rafe, M.1 aHillis, David, M.1 aCannatella, David, C.1 aMilinkovitch, Michel, C.  uhttps://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/node/157