@article {198,
	title = {Morphological Novelty in the Limb Skeleton Accompanies Miniaturization in Salamanders},
	journal = {Science (Washington D C)},
	volume = {229},
	number = {4716},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {871-874},
	abstract = {Salamanders of the genus Thorius (Plethodontidae) are among the smallest tetrapods. Hypotheses of limb skeletal evolution in these vertebrates were evaluated on the basis of estimates of natural variation, comparisons of skeletal homology and analysis of molecular phylogeny. Nine carpal arrangements occurs in Thorius, more than in all 12 related genera of typically larger salamanders; 6 of these arrangements are unique. They represent a trend toward a decrease in the number of separate cartilages that is independent of locomotor and ecological specialization. Miniaturization may be an important source of morphological novelty, distinct from local adaptation, in vertebrates.},
	keywords = {development, miniaturization},
	author = {Hanken, J.}
}
@article {140,
	title = {The amphibian fauna of the East African rainforests Including the description of a new species of toad genus Nectophrynoides Noble 1926 Anura Bufonidae},
	journal = {Tropical Zoology},
	volume = {1},
	number = {2},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {169-178},
	abstract = {<p>The East African rainforests are areas of prime biogeographical importance. The significance of the amphibian fauna of the region as a biogeographical indicator group, first recognized by Schiotz (1981) is reiterated. Schiotz\&rsquo; 1981 list of East african rainforest amphibians is corrected and updated. A new species of dwarf toad [Nectophrynoides wendyae sp. nov.] from the rainforest of the Uzungwe Mountains, Tanzania is described. The new species is tentatively assigned to the genus Nectophrynoides Noble 1926, and comment on the relationships of the new species and of the Nectophrynoides-Didynamipus group is included. It is suggested that many of the African bufonid genera, especially those including dwarf forms, are currently poorly defined; primitive characters, characters involving the loss of structures and characters subject to a high level of homoplasy often being used. Some possible solutions to this problem are given. The need for a better understanding of the biology of rainforest Amphibia, especially the dwarf species, is seen to be of more immediate importance than the question of their relationships.</p>
},
	keywords = {miniaturization},
	author = {Clarke, B. T.}
}
@conference {323,
	title = {Miniaturization in tetrapods: consequences for skull morphology},
	booktitle = {Symposium of the Zoological Society of London No. 69},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {47-61},
	keywords = {miniaturization},
	author = {Rieppel, O.}
}
@conference {141,
	title = {Small size in amphibians- its ecological and evolutionary implications},
	booktitle = {Symposium of the Zoological Society of London No. 69},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {201-224},
	keywords = {miniaturization},
	author = {Clarke, B. T.}
}
@inbook {200,
	title = {Adaptation of bone growth to miniaturization of body size},
	booktitle = {Bone Growth},
	series = {Bone},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1993},
	publisher = {CRC Press},
	organization = {CRC Press},
	keywords = {development, miniaturization},
	author = {Hanken, J.},
	editor = {Hall, B.K.}
}
@article {405,
	title = {The effect of miniaturized body size on skeletal morphology in frogs},
	journal = {Evolution},
	volume = {56},
	number = {3},
	year = {2002},
	month = {March},
	pages = {628-641},
	abstract = {Miniaturization has evolved numerous times and reached impressive extremes in the Anura. I compared the skeletons of miniature frog species to those of closely related larger species to assess patterns of morphological change, sampling 129 species from 12 families. Two types of morphological data were examined: (1) qualitative data on bone presence and absence; and (2) thin-plate spline morphometric descriptions of skull structure and bone shape. Phylogenetic comparative methods were used to address the shared history of species. Miniature anurans were more likely to lose skull bones and phalangeal elements of the limbs. Their skulls also showed consistent differences compared to those of their larger relatives, including relatively larger braincases and sensory capsules, verticalization of lateral elements, rostral displacement of the jaw joint, and reduction of some skull elements. These features are explained by functional constraints and by paedomorphosis. Variation among lineages in the morphological response to miniaturization was also explored. Certain lineages appear to be unusually resistant to the morphological trends that characterize miniature frogs as a whole. This study represents the first large-scale examination of morphology and miniaturization across a major, diverse group of organisms conducted in a phylogenetic framework and with statistical rigor.},
	keywords = {development, miniaturization, Phrynobatrachus},
	url = {file://localhost/Users/breda/Desktop/Literature/Y/Yeh2002.pdf},
	author = {Yeh, Jennifer}
}
@article {216,
	title = {The evolution of large size: how does Cope{\textquoteright}s Rule work?},
	journal = {Tends in Ecology and Evolution},
	volume = {20},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {4-6},
	keywords = {miniaturization},
	author = {Hone, D.W.E. and M. Benton}
}
