@article {173,
	title = {Molecular evidence for the early history of living amphibians},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics \& Evolution},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	year = {1998},
	month = {June},
	pages = {509-516},
	abstract = {The evolutionary relationships of the three orders of living amphibians (lissamphibians) has been difficult to resolve, partly because of their specialized morphologies. Traditionally, frogs and salamanders are considered to be closest relatives, and all three orders are thought to have arisen in the Paleozoic (>250 myr). Here, we present evidence from the DNA sequences of four mitochondrial genes (2.7 kilobases) that challenges the conventional hypothesis and supports a salamander-caecilian relationship. This, in light of the fossil record and distribution of the families, suggests a more recent (Mesozoic) origin for salamanders and caecilians directly linked to the initial breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea. We propose that this single geologic event isolated salamanders and archaeobatrachian frogs on the northern continents (Laurasia) and the caecilians and neobatrachian frogs on the southern continents (Gondwana). Among the neobatrachian frog families, molecular evidence supports a SouthAmerican clade and an African clade, inferred here to be the result of mid-Cretaceous vicariance.},
	url = {file://localhost/Users/breda/Desktop/Literature/F/Feller.pdf},
	author = {Feller, Andrea E. and Hedges, S. Blair}
}
@article {381,
	title = {A previously unrecognized radiation of ranid frogs in Southern Africa revealed by nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics \& Evolution},
	volume = {37},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingDEC},
	pages = {674-685},
	abstract = {In sub-Saharan Africa, amphibians are represented by a large number of endemic frog genera and species of incompletely clarified phylogenetic relationships. This applies especially to African frogs of the family Ranidae. We provide a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for ranids, including 11 of the 12 African endemic genera. Analysis of nuclear (rag-1, rag-2, and rhodopsin genes) and mitochondrial markers (12S and 16S ribosomal RNA genes) provide evidence for an endemic clade of African genera of high morphological and ecological diversity thus far assigned to up to five different subfamilies: Afrana, Cacosternum, Natalobatrachus, Pyxi-cephalus, Strongylopus, and Tomopterna. This clade has its highest species diversity in southern Africa, suggesting a possible biogeographic connection with the Cape Floral Region. Bayesian estimates of divergence times place the initial diversification of the southern African ranid clade at similar to 62-85 million years ago, concurrent with the onset of the radiation of Afrotherian mammals. These and other African ranids (Conraua, Petropedetes, Phrynobatrachus, and Pytchadena) are placed basally within the Ranoidae with respect to the Eurasian groups, which suggests an African origin for this whole epifamily. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	author = {van der Meijden, Arie and Vences, Miguel and Hoegg, Simone and Meyer, Axel}
}
@article {144,
	title = {Molecular systematics of African 20-chromosome toads (Anura: Bufonidae)},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics \& Evolution},
	volume = {32},
	number = {3},
	year = {2004},
	month = {September},
	pages = {671-685},
	abstract = {Intrageneric lineages and the historical biogeography of toads, genus Bufo, are poorly resolved due to their conservative morphology, their highly conserved karyotypes (typically 2N = 22), and erratic patterns of interspecific hybridisation. Here, we use mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data to reconstruct relationships of the 20-chromosome toads, a major component of the African bufonid fauna. Mitochondrial 12S and 16S sequences from 29 species revealed two independent transitions between phenotypically distinct savannah and forest adapted forms. Analyses of mitochondrial 12S, 16S, and ND2, along with nuclear ACTC and Rhodopsin sequences from 12 species greatly increased bootstrap, and likelihood support for internal branches including a basal split into two pan-Aftican 20-chromosome clades. Hybridisation is a weak indicator of phylogenetic relationship as it occurs across these deeply divergent clades, between Bufo rangeri and Bufo gutturalis. These analyses suggest a secondary reversion to 22-chromosomes in Bufo pardalis, within the 20-chromosome group, although we could not reject an alternative hypothesis that this lineage forms a sister to all 2N = 20 toads. Other informally recognised 22-chromosome groups form independent phylogenetic lineages outside the 20-chromosome group, such as the Angusticeps and Vertebralis divisions. Bufo lindneri, from the Taitanus division, is closely related to Stephopaedes anotis, and these species should be considered congeners. Copyright 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	url = {file://localhost/Users/breda/Desktop/Documents/Literature/C/Cunningham\%20and\%20Cherry\%202004},
	author = {Cunningham, Michael and Cherry, Michael I.}
}
@article {411,
	title = {Complex patterns of speciation and diversity among African frogs (genus Phrynobatrachus)},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics \& Evolution},
	volume = {55},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {883-900},
	author = {Zimkus, B.M. and R{\"o}del, Mark-Oliver and Hillers, A.}
}
