01763nas a2200133   4500008004100000245001800041210001600059300000900075490000800084520144800092100001701540700001801557856005401575       1992                        eng d00a[TITLE BLANK]0 aTITLE BLANK  a1-410 v2143 aPostembryonic skeletal development of the pipid frog Xenopus laevis is described from cleared-and-stained whole-mount specimens and sectioned material representing Nieuwkoop and Faber developmental Stages 46-65, plus postmetamorphic individuals up to 6 months old. An assessment of variation of skeletogenesis within a single population of larvae and comparison with earlier studies revealed that the timing, but not the sequence, of skeletal development in X. laevis is more variable than previously reported and poorly correlated with the development of external morphology. Examination of chondrocranial development indicates that the rostral cartilages of X. laevis are homologous with the suprarostral cartilages of non-pipoid anurans, and suggests that the peculiar chondrocranium of this taxon is derived from a more generalized pattern typical of non-pipoid frogs. Derived features of skeletal development not previously reported for X. laevis include 1) bipartite formation of the palatoquadrate; 2) precocious formation of the adult mandible; 3) origin of the angulosplenial from two centers of ossification; 4) complete erosion of the orbital cartilage during the later stages of metamorphosis; 5) development of the sphenethmoid as a membrane, rather than an endochondral bone; and 6) a pattern of timing of ossification that more closely coincides with that of the pelobatid frog Spea than that recorded for neobatrachian species.1 aTrueb, Linda1 aHanken, James  uhttps://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/node/53200420nas a2200121   4500008004100000245009100041210006900132260000900201300001000210490000800220100001600228856005400244       1999                        eng d00aOsteology and Skeletal Development of Pyxicephalus adspersus (Anura: Ranidae: Raninae)0 aOsteology and Skeletal Development of Pyxicephalus adspersus Anu  c1999  a49-750 v2401 aSheil, C.A.  uhttps://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/node/42201651nas a2200145   4500008004100000245005900041210005900100260001400159300001200173490000800185520122000193100002101413700001701434856005401451       2001                        eng d00aPatterns of carpal development among anuran amphibians0 aPatterns of carpal development among anuran amphibians  cSeptember  a210-2200 v2493 aThe unity and diversity of developmental processes in the vertebrate limb have singular importance in the interpretation of evolutionary hypotheses of tetrapod diversification. In anurans, the intraordinal diversity of forelimbs seems to be related to the fusion of distal carpals, whereas proximal carpals are invariable. However, there are different ontogenetic pathways involved in the differentiation of proximal carpals. This study presents a comparative analysis of early developmental features in one archeobatrachian and 23 neobatrachian species representing five families and explores the variability in the differentiation of carpal cartilages. We found new evidence supporting the presence of an embryonic intermedium that incorporates with the ulnare. Difference between the pipid Xenopus and the neobatrachians is interpreted as a change in the rate of differentiation of Distal Carpal 5 that does not affect the developmental pattern of digits. The developmental variability exhibited by the intermedium, radiale, and Element Y is combined in patterns that converge on the same adult carpal morphology among neobatrachians; these patterns appear to contain potentially useful phylogenetic information.1 aFabrezi, Marissa1 aBarg, Monica  uhttps://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/node/36300465nas a2200133   4500008004100000245009800041210006900139260001300208490000800221100002500229700001800254700002400272856003500296       2007                        eng d00aFrogs with claws: Diversity, morphology, and function of pedal unguals in the Astylosternidae0 aFrogs with claws Diversity morphology and function of pedal ungu  cDec 20070 v2681 aBlackburn, David, C.1 aHanken, James1 aJenkins, Farish, A.  u<Go to ISI>://PREV200800136900