01651nas a2200145   4500008004100000245005900041210005900100260001400159300001200173490000800185520122000193100002101413700001701434856005401451       2001                        eng d00aPatterns of carpal development among anuran amphibians0 aPatterns of carpal development among anuran amphibians  cSeptember  a210-2200 v2493 aThe unity and diversity of developmental processes in the vertebrate limb have singular importance in the interpretation of evolutionary hypotheses of tetrapod diversification. In anurans, the intraordinal diversity of forelimbs seems to be related to the fusion of distal carpals, whereas proximal carpals are invariable. However, there are different ontogenetic pathways involved in the differentiation of proximal carpals. This study presents a comparative analysis of early developmental features in one archeobatrachian and 23 neobatrachian species representing five families and explores the variability in the differentiation of carpal cartilages. We found new evidence supporting the presence of an embryonic intermedium that incorporates with the ulnare. Difference between the pipid Xenopus and the neobatrachians is interpreted as a change in the rate of differentiation of Distal Carpal 5 that does not affect the developmental pattern of digits. The developmental variability exhibited by the intermedium, radiale, and Element Y is combined in patterns that converge on the same adult carpal morphology among neobatrachians; these patterns appear to contain potentially useful phylogenetic information.1 aFabrezi, Marissa1 aBarg, Monica  uhttps://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/node/36301482nas a2200169   4500008004100000245004800041210004800089260000800137300001000145490000800155520101700163653002001180653001301200100002101213700002401234856005401258       2003                        eng d00aParallelism and convergence in anuran fangs0 aParallelism and convergence in anuran fangs  cMay  a41-510 v2603 aThe anuran lower jaw is composed of three pairs of bones: dentaries, angulosplenials and mentomeckelians. Although the lower jaw is toothless, except in Gastrotheca guentheri, enlarged fangs or odontoids have evolved at least four times independently in some myobatrachids, hylids, ranids and leptodactylids through both parallel and convergent evolutionary events. Fangs seem to represent the single best design solution to enable an anuran to inflict a bite-like wound, but the biological role of biting varies among species. Fangs are projections of the dentaries in ranids, but in the hylid frog Hemiphractus and in ceratophryine leptodactylids, they form a sinosteotic unit with the dentaries and mentomeckelians. Comparisons of morphology, behaviour and diet among frog taxa with enlarged fangs reveal that the fangs may be the result of either sexual or natural selection. Those fangs that evolved in response to sexual selection seem to be relatively larger than those that resulted of natural selection.10aDimorphognathus10aodotoids1 aFabrezi, Marissa1 aEmerson, Sharon, B.  uhttps://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/node/321