02179nas a2200157   4500008004100000245007900041210006900120260001300189300000900202490000700211520166200218100001601880700002201896700002001918856008301938       2004                        eng d00aPhylogenetic signal and the utility of 12S and 16S mtDNA in frog phylogeny0 aPhylogenetic signal and the utility of 12S and 16S mtDNA in frog  cFebruary  a2-180 v423 aGenes selected for a phylogenetic study need to contain conserved information that reflects the phylogenetic history at the specific taxonomic level of interest. Mitochondrial ribosomal genes have been used for a wide range of phylogenetic questions in general and in anuran systematics in particular. We checked the plausibility of phylogenetic reconstructions in anurans that were built from commonly used 12S and 16S rRNA gene sequences. For up to 27 species arranged in taxon sets of graded inclusiveness, we inferred phylogenetic hypotheses based on different a priori decisions, i.e. choice of alignment method and alignment parameters, including/excluding variable sites, choice of reconstruction algorithm and models of evolution. Alignment methods and parameters, as well as taxon sampling all had notable effects on the results leading to a large number of conflicting topologies. Very few nodes were supported in all of the analyses. Data sets in which fast evolving and ambiguously aligned sites had been excluded performed worse than the complete data sets. There was moderate support for the monophyly of the Discoglossidae, Pelobatoidea, Pelobatidae and Pipidae. The clade Neobatrachia was robustly supported and the intrageneric relationships within Bombina and Discoglossus were well resolved indicating the usefulness of the genes for relatively recent phylogenetic events. Although 12S and 16S rRNA genes seem to carry some phylogenetic signal of deep (Mesozoic) splitting events the signal was not strong enough to resolve consistently the inter-relationships of major clades within the Anura under varied methods and parameter settings.1 aHertwig, S.1 aDe Sa, Rafael, O.1 aHaas, Alexander  ufile://localhost/Users/breda/Desktop/Literature/H/Hertwig%20et%20al%202004.pdf01971nas a2200337   4500008004100000245003100041210002700072300001000099490000800109520104600117100002201163700001701185700002201202700002001224700002001244700002501264700002201289700001901311700002001330700002701350700003101377700002701408700002201435700001601457700001901473700002501492700002001517700002001537700002201557856005401579       2006                        eng d00aThe amphibian tree of life0 aamphibian tree of life  a8-2910 v2973 a<p>The evidentiary basis of the currently accepted classification of living amphibians is discussed and shown not to warrant the degree of authority conferred on it by use and tradition. A new taxonomy of living amphibians is proposed to correct the deficiencies of the old one. This new taxonomy is based on the largest phylogenetic analysis of living Amphibia so far accomplished. We combined the comparative anatomical character evidence of Haas (2003) with DNA sequences from the mitochondrial transcription unit HI (12S and 16S ribosomal RNA and tRNA(Valine) genes, 2,400 bp of mitochondrial sequences) and the nuclear genes histone H3, rhodopsin, tyrosinase, and seven in absentia, and the large ribosomal subunit 28S (approximate to 2,300 bp of nuclear sequences; ca. 1.8 million base pairs; x ($) over bar = 3.7 kb/terminal). The dataset includes 532 terminals sampled from 522 species representative of the global diversity of amphibians as well as seven of the closest living relatives of amphibians for outgroup comparisons.</p>
1 aFrost, Darrel, R.1 aGrant, Taran1 aFaivovich, Julian1 aBain, Raoul, H.1 aHaas, Alexander1 aHaddad, Celio, F. B.1 aDe Sa, Rafael, O.1 aChanning, Alan1 aWilkinson, Mark1 aDonnellan, Stephen, C.1 aRaxworthy, Christopher, J.1 aCampbell, Jonathan, A.1 aBlotto, Boris, L.1 aMoler, Paul1 aDrewes, R., C.1 aNussbaum, Ronald, A.1 aLynch, John, D.1 aGreen, David, m1 aWheeler, Ward, C.  uhttps://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/node/14201314nas a2200181   4500008004100000245008700041210006900128260001600197300000900213490000700222520074700229100002000976700002500996700002001021700001801041700001901059856005401078       2006                        eng d00aThe tadpole of Tomopterna luganga Channing, Moyer & Dawood, 2004 (Anura : Ranidae)0 atadpole of Tomopterna luganga Channing Moyer Dawood 2004 Anura R  cFeb 20 2006  a1-120 v423 a<p>The study describes for the first time the larva of the Red Sand Frog, Tomopterna luganga. The description is based on colour photographs of living specimens, preserved specimens, and SEM images of the oral field and internal oral features. Larval stages were obtained from captive breeding experiments. The identity of the species was verified by DNA matching with the holotype and paratypes. Tomopterna luganga tadpoles were very similar to other described larvae within the genus. The Labial Tooth Row Formula 4(2-4)/3(1) of T. luganga distinguishes the species from some of its congeners. However, the currently available data does not allow the development of a reliable determination key for the tadpoles of Tomopterna species.</p>
1 aHaas, Alexander1 aMitgutsch, Christian1 aHertwig, Stefan1 aDawood, Abeda1 aChanning, Alan  uhttps://africanamphibians.myspecies.info/node/133