@mastersthesis {1536,
	title = {Aspects of the Reproductive Biology of Breviceps},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Unpublished},
	school = {University of the Witwatersrand,},
	type = {mastersPhD},
	address = {Johannesburg},
	author = {L.R. Minter}
}
@mastersthesis {1370,
	title = {Aspects of the Reproductive Biology of Breviceps},
	volume = {Ph.D.},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Unplubished},
	school = {University of the Witwatersrand},
	type = {masters},
	address = {Johannesburg},
	author = {L.R. Minter}
}
@article {182,
	title = {Systematic revision of the genus Aglyptodactylus Boulenger, 1919 (Amphibia: Ranidae), and analysis of its phylogenetic relationships to other Madagascan ranid genera (Tomopterna, Boophis, Mantidactylus, and Mantella)},
	journal = {Journal of Zoological Systematics \& Evolutionary Research},
	volume = {36},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {1998},
	month = {March},
	pages = {17-37},
	abstract = {Recent field studies revealed two new species of the genus Aglyptodactylus (Amphibia: Anura: Ranidae), which was hitherto considered as monotypic and confined to humid eastern Madagascar. Both new species, Aglyptodactylus laticeps sp. n. and Aglyptodactylus securifer sp. n., occur syntopically in the deciduous dry forest of Kirindy in western Madagascar. In comparison to Aglyptodactylus madagascariensis from eastern rainforests, the new species A. laticeps shows a remarkable morphological divergence, which may be partly due to adaptations to burrowing habits in dry environments. Despite of the morphological differentiation, advertisement calls and osteology indicate that all three species of Aglyptodactylus are closely related. A phylogenetic analysis of the Madagascan ranid genera Aglyptodactylus, Mantella, Mantidactylus, Boophis, and Tomopterna (the latter including species from Madagascar, Africa, and Asia) strongly supports a sister group relationship of Aglyptodactylus with the ranine genus Tomopterna. We therefore transfer Aglyptodactylus from the Rhacophorinae to the Raninae and discuss implications of this rearrangement for rancid systematics. The existence of the endemic genus Aglyptodactylus in Madagascar as well as its close phylogenetic relationships to Tomopterna confirm that the Raninae were already present on the Madagascan plate before its separation from Africa. The Madagascan Tomopterna labrosa shows several important differences both to Asian and to African species of the genus, and is therefore transferred from the subgenus Sphaerotheca (now restricted to Asia) to a new subgenus Laliostoma subgen. n.},
	url = {file://localhost/Users/breda/Desktop/Literature/Need\%20to\%20Enter\%20into\%20Endnote/Andreone\%20et\%20al\%202003.pdf},
	author = {Glaw, F. and Vences, Miguel and Boehme, W.}
}
@article {110,
	title = {Pointing the way: The distribution and evolution of some characters of the finger muscles of frogs},
	journal = {American Museum Novitates},
	number = {3229},
	year = {1998},
	month = {June 10},
	pages = {1-13},
	abstract = {The mm. transversi I and II of the hands of frogs have apparently shifted during the course of history from positions dorsal to the mm. flexores teretes III and IV to ventral positions-in the ancestor of Pipidae; and in the ancestor of a clade in Neobatrachia comprising Allophryne ruthveni, Brachycephalidae, Bufonidae, Centrolenidae, Hylidae, Leptodactylidae, Pseudidae, Ranoidea, and Rhinoderma darwini, and excluding Heleophryne, Myobatrachidae, and Sooglossidae. Unique conditions of the m. transversus-m. flexor teres complex characterize Centrolenidae, Microhylidae, and a group of ranid frogs. The superficial flexors of the third finger are consistent in many families, but vary more than the deep muscles. There is an overall trend toward movement of the origins of the flexors from the palmar aponeurosis to the carpals. A hitherto undescribed muscle, the m. lumbricalis longus digiti III, occurs in Batrachophrynus, Calyptocephalellini, Heleophrynidae, Lynchophrys, and Petropedetes. Shared conditions in the superficial flexors support the monophyly of Myobatrachidae, hylodine origin of the Dendrobatidae, and placement of Batrachophrynus and Lynchophrys in Calyptocephalellini.},
	author = {Burton, Thomas C.}
}
@article {173,
	title = {Molecular evidence for the early history of living amphibians},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics \& Evolution},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	year = {1998},
	month = {June},
	pages = {509-516},
	abstract = {The evolutionary relationships of the three orders of living amphibians (lissamphibians) has been difficult to resolve, partly because of their specialized morphologies. Traditionally, frogs and salamanders are considered to be closest relatives, and all three orders are thought to have arisen in the Paleozoic (>250 myr). Here, we present evidence from the DNA sequences of four mitochondrial genes (2.7 kilobases) that challenges the conventional hypothesis and supports a salamander-caecilian relationship. This, in light of the fossil record and distribution of the families, suggests a more recent (Mesozoic) origin for salamanders and caecilians directly linked to the initial breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea. We propose that this single geologic event isolated salamanders and archaeobatrachian frogs on the northern continents (Laurasia) and the caecilians and neobatrachian frogs on the southern continents (Gondwana). Among the neobatrachian frog families, molecular evidence supports a SouthAmerican clade and an African clade, inferred here to be the result of mid-Cretaceous vicariance.},
	url = {file://localhost/Users/breda/Desktop/Literature/F/Feller.pdf},
	author = {Feller, Andrea E. and Hedges, S. Blair}
}
@article {162,
	title = {Morphological correlations in evolution: Consequences for phylogenetic analysis},
	journal = {Quarterly Review of Biology},
	volume = {73},
	number = {2},
	year = {1998},
	month = {June},
	pages = {141-162},
	abstract = {Methods of inferring phylogenetic relationships have received an enormous amount of attention in recent years. One missing component in much of this work concerns the analysis of the data being used. Most techniques of phylogenetic inference, including parsimony, assume the independence of characters, and the assignment of equal weights to characters assumes that they have an equal probability of change. Although systematists using molecular data have begun to deal with issues of character correlation and weighting, they are generally avoided by those using morphological data. Systematists have paid relatively little attention to morphological characters that may be correlated for reasons other than commonality of descent. We review some of the reasons that the assumption of independence of characters may be violated for morphological features, and suggest ways in which detailed analysis of the phenotype may lead to both a priori and a posteriori rationales for weighting of morphological characters. Just as it seems prudent to explore phylogenetic hypotheses that are less than the most parsimonious, systematics would be well served if researchers more fully explored the causes and consequences of character correlations that may exist in morphological data sets. Our two examples, the evolution of sexual dimorphism in voiceless frogs and the role of heterochrony in the evolution of chaenopsid fishes, illustrate that character weighting provides potential insights into both systematic relationships and the evolution of character complexes.},
	url = {file://localhost/Users/breda/Desktop/Documents/Literature/E/Emerson.pdf},
	author = {Emerson, Sharon B. and Hastings, Philip A.}
}
@article {109,
	title = {Coastal forests of eastern Africa: Status, endemism patterns and their potential causes},
	journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society},
	volume = {64},
	number = {3},
	year = {1998},
	month = {July},
	pages = {337-367},
	abstract = {Eastern African coastal forests are located within the Swahili regional centre of endemism and Swahili-Maputaland regional transition zone in eastern Africa, between 1degree North and 25degree South, and 34-41degree East. Approximately 3167 km2 coastal forest remains: 2 km2 in Somalia, 660 km2 in Kenya, 697 km2 in Tanzania, 16 km2 in Malawi, 3 km2 in Zimbabwe and perhaps 1790 km2 in Mozambique. Most forests are small (ltoreq 20 km2), and all but 19 are under 30 km2 in area. Over 80\% of coastal forest is located on government land, principally Forest Reserves; only B. 3 km2 is found in National Parks (6.2 km2 in Kenya (Arabuko-Sokoke), 2 km2 in Tanzania (Mafia Island) and tiny patches in Zimbabwe). Coastal forests are an important and highly threatened centre of endemism for plants (c 550 endemic species), mammals (6 species), birds (9 species), reptiles (26 species), frogs (2 species), butterflies (79 species), snails (>86 species) and millipedes (mchgt20 species). Endemic species are concentrated in the forests of the Tana River, between Malindi in Kenya to Tanga in northern Tanzania, and in southern Tanzania. Forests with highest numbers of endemics are: lower Tana River, Arabuko-Sokoke, Shimba Hills (Kenya); lowland East Usambara, Pugu Hills, Matumbi Hills, Rondo and Litipo and other plateaux near Lindi (Tanzania); the Tanzanian offshore island of Pemba; Bazaruto archipelago (Mozambique), and tiny forest remnants of southern Malawi, eastern Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Most coastal forest endemics have a narrow distributional range, often exhibiting single-site endemism or with scattered or disjunct distributional patterns. They are best interpreted as relicts and not the result of recent evolution. Relictualization probably started with the separation of the ancient Pan African rainforest into two parts during the Miocene. The coastal forests are interpreted as a {\textquoteright}vanishing refuge{\textquoteright} with the endemic species gradually becoming more and more relict (and presumably extinct) due historically to climatic desiccation and more recently to human destruction.},
	url = {file://localhost/Users/breda/Desktop/Literature/B/Burgess\%201998},
	author = {Burgess, N. D. and Clarke, G. P. and Rodgers, W. A.}
}
@article {321,
	title = {Somite number and vertebrate evolution},
	journal = {Development},
	volume = {125},
	number = {2},
	year = {1998},
	month = {Jan.},
	pages = {151-160},
	abstract = {Variation in segment number is an important but neglected feature of vertebrate evolution. Some vertebrates have as few as six trunk vertebrae, while others have hundreds. We examine this phenomenon in relation to recent models of evolution and development. Surprisingly, differences in vertebral number are foreshadowed by different somite counts at the tailbud stage, thought to be a highly conserved (phylotypic) stage. Somite number therefore violates the {\textquoteright}developmental hourglass{\textquoteright} model. We argue that this is because somitogenesis shows uncoupling or dissociation from the conserved positional field encoded by genes of the zootype. Several other systems show this kind of dissociation, including limbs and feathers. Bmp-7 expression patterns demonstrate dissociation in the chick pharyngeal arches. This makes it difficult to recognize a common stage of pharyngeal development or {\textquoteright}pharyngula{\textquoteright} in all species. Rhombomere number is more stable during evolution than somite number, possibly because segmentation and positional specification in the hindbrain are relatively interdependent. Although developmental mechanisms are strongly conserved, dissociation allows at least some major evolutionary changes to be generated in phylotypic stages.},
	author = {Richardson, Michael K. and Allen, Steven P. and Wright, Glenda M. and Raynaud, Albert and Hanken, James}
}
@inbook {1415,
	title = {Heleophryne hewitti species account},
	booktitle = {South African RedData Book - Reptiles and Amphibians},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {33-35},
	address = {Pretoria},
	author = {Boycott, R.C. and Branch, W.R.},
	editor = {Branch, W.R.}
}
@article {328,
	title = {A reproductive mode so far unknown in African ranids: Phrynobatrachus guineensis GUIBE \& LAMOTTE, 1961 breeds in tree holes (Anura: Ranidae)},
	journal = {Herpetozoa},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1/2},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {19-26},
	author = {R{\"o}del, Mark-Oliver}
}
@inbook {1408,
	title = {South African Red Data Book- Reptiles and Amphibians},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {111-112},
	chapter = {Bufo amatolica: Species account.},
	address = {Pretoria},
	author = {Boycott, R.C.},
	editor = {Branch, W.R.}
}
@article {1422,
	title = {Tadpoles as Bio-indicators of Stream Quality: A Baseline Study},
	number = {718/1/98},
	year = {1998},
	author = {Channing, A.}
}
@article {319,
	title = {A molecular phylogenetic study of the old world treefrog family Rhacophoridae},
	journal = {Herpetological Journal},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {41-46},
	keywords = {Aglyptodactylus, Arthroleptis Probreviceps, Buergeria, Chirixalus, Chiromantis, Mantella, Mantidactylus, Polypedates, Rhacophorus, Scaphiophryne},
	author = {Richards, C.M. and Moore, W.S.}
}
@article {327,
	title = {A new Hyperolius species from Tai National Park, Ivory Coast (Anura: Hyperoliidae: Hyperoliinae)},
	journal = {Revue fr. Aquaiol.},
	volume = {25},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {1998},
	author = {R{\"o}del, Mark-Oliver}
}
