@article {291,
	title = {Heterotopic Bones in the Hind Limbs of Frogs of the Families Pipidae Ranidae and Sooglossidae},
	journal = {Herpetologica},
	volume = {38},
	number = {2},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {312-320},
	abstract = {Three kinds of heterotopic skeletal elements occur in the tarsal segment of the hindlimb of frogs. The Cartilago plantaris occurs in the subarticular region of the foot of arthroleptine ranoids, Pipa, Rana esculenta and probably others, and the Cartilago sesamoides is found in the Ligamentum calcanei of a wide variety of frogs. The 3rd element, herein named the Os sesamoides tarsale [O. s. tarsale] occurs in the proximal end of the Aponeurosis plantaris (Achilles tendon) of the 3 known sooglossid species, 5 species of Pipa, and a few southern African microranids of the subfamily Phrynobatrachinae (sensu Poynton, 1964), including Arthroleptella hewetti, Cacosternum (C. boettgeri, C. capense, C. namaquense) and Natalobatrachus bonebergi. The O. S. tarsale does not occur, at least in the calcified form, in other phrynobatrachines, nor does it occur in numerous other species representing a broad range of genera and families. The form of the O. s. tarsale is uniform among Pipa spp. consisting mainly of a pars articulata; the O. s. tarsale of sooglossids and phrynobatrachines is a 2-part structure (pars articulata + pars distalis). The O. s. tarsale of Pipa presumably is unrelated phylogenetically to that of the 2 other taxa. The O. s. tarsale of sooglossids and phrynobatrachines may or may not have a common origin.},
	author = {Nussbaum, Ronald A.}
}
@article {320,
	title = {Phylogenetic relationships within the Madagascan boophids and mantellids as elucidated by mitochondrial ribosomal genes},
	journal = {African Journal of Herptology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {23-32},
	keywords = {Boophis, Madagascar, Mantella, Mantidactylus},
	author = {Richards, C.M. and Nussbaum, Ronald A. and C.J. Raxworthy}
}
@article {179,
	title = {The amphibian tree of life},
	journal = {Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History},
	volume = {297},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Using Smart Source Parsing292-370},
	pages = {8-291},
	abstract = {<p>The evidentiary basis of the currently accepted classification of living amphibians is discussed and shown not to warrant the degree of authority conferred on it by use and tradition. A new taxonomy of living amphibians is proposed to correct the deficiencies of the old one. This new taxonomy is based on the largest phylogenetic analysis of living Amphibia so far accomplished. We combined the comparative anatomical character evidence of Haas (2003) with DNA sequences from the mitochondrial transcription unit HI (12S and 16S ribosomal RNA and tRNA(Valine) genes, 2,400 bp of mitochondrial sequences) and the nuclear genes histone H3, rhodopsin, tyrosinase, and seven in absentia, and the large ribosomal subunit 28S (approximate to 2,300 bp of nuclear sequences; ca. 1.8 million base pairs; x ($) over bar = 3.7 kb/terminal). The dataset includes 532 terminals sampled from 522 species representative of the global diversity of amphibians as well as seven of the closest living relatives of amphibians for outgroup comparisons.</p>
},
	author = {Frost, Darrel R. and Grant, Taran and Faivovich, Julian and Bain, Raoul H. and Haas, Alexander and Haddad, Celio F. B. and De Sa, Rafael O. and Channing, Alan and Wilkinson, Mark and Donnellan, Stephen C. and Raxworthy, Christopher J. and Campbell, Jonathan A. and Blotto, Boris L. and Moler, Paul and Drewes, R. C. and Nussbaum, Ronald A. and Lynch, John D. and Green, David m and Wheeler, Ward C.}
}
